Spatial Analysis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Incidences in South Palu Sub District, Palu District.
Abstract
Oslan Daud , Hartono , Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto
Background: Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that is now endemic in most tropical countries. In Indonesia, the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) epidemic has become a major public health concern. By the time, number of DHF cases tends to increase significantly and the endemic area is wider. During the 2004 until 2006, the case fatality rates of DHF were 10/210, 12/627, and 5/334 respectively. In the first trimester of 2007, the number of DHF outbreak had reached 334 cases and 2 deaths were reported.
Objective: This study aimed to map the epidemic distribution of DHF cases at South Palu Sub district during the year of 2004 – 2006 in the basis of human, spatial, and temporal characteristics.
Methods: An analytical descriptive survey with cross sectional approach was used to obtain the description of DHF spatial distribution in South Palu Sub District during 2004 – 2006. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to identify the coordinate points of patients’ residential. The collected data were analyzed and presented on tables, graphics, and map.
Results: Most of DHF patients were men (52.48%); patients’ age were above 15 years old (46.60%); the highest endemic area was South Lolu village (15.41%), and the highest incidence periods were during May until September. Nine clusters of DHF cases concentrated on North Taturu and Tanamodindi villages. In addition, the DHF cases in South Palu Sub District related to density (p=0.004), air temperature (25.3ºC – 28.1ºC), air humidity (71.3% - 79.7%), and Wiggler Free Rate (WFR) (p=0.462).
Conclusion: Men had higher risk of DHF than women because of their higher mobile activities and the most of DHF patients were in school aged; South Lolu village had high density and mobilization; and the occurrence of DHF increased in rainy season during April – October. There were clustering of DHF cases in North Tatura and Tanamodindi village. Density and DHF had a significant relationship (p = 0.004), whereas, air temperature and humidity supported the mosquito growth. Last, the WFR did not relate to DHF cases significantly.
Keywords: DHF cases, epidemiology characteristics, spatial distribution, GIS, South Palu.
Epidemiology Study of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Cases in South Palu Sub District, Palu by Using Spatial Approach of Geographic Information System
ABSTRACT
Oslan Daud, Hartono, Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto
Background: At the moment, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a public health problem which arise social and economic impacts. By the time, number of DHF cases tends to increase and the endemic area is wider. In 2004, number of DHF patients at Palu was 210 patients and 10 of them were died. The number of DHF patients increased to 627 patients (12 of them were died) in 2005 and 334 patients (5 of them were died) in 2006. In 2007, the number of DHF cases was enormous. Since January until April 2007, the number had reached number of 334 patients and 2 of them were died.
Objective: This study aimed to find out the epidemiology distribution of DHF cases at South Palu Sub district during the year of 2004 – 2006 in the basis of human, place and time characteristics; also to map its spatial distribution by using geographic information system (GIS) approach.
Methods: This was an analytical descriptive survey with cross sectional approach. This method was used to obtain the description of DHF spatial distribution in South Palu Sub District during 2004 – 2006. The coordinate points of patients’ addresses were taken by using Global Positioning System (GPS). The collected data were analyzed and presented on tables, graphics, and map.
Results: The epidemiology distribution results showed that most of DHF patients were men (52.48%); patients’ age were above 15 years old (46.60%); the highest endemic area was South Lolu village (15.41%), and the highest case numbers happened during May until September. There were 9 clusters of DHF cases in North Taturu and Tanamodindi villages. This study also reported that the DHF cases in South Palu Sub District related to density (p=0.004), air temperature (25.3ºC – 28.1ºC) and air humidity (71.3% - 79.7%). and Wiggler Free Rate (WFR) (p=0.462).
Conclusion: This study concluded that men had more activities than women; most of DHF patients were student aged; South Lolu village had high density and mobilization; and the increasing of DHF cases happened in rainy season during April – October. There were clustering of DHF cases in North Tatura and Tanamodindi village. Density and DHF had a significant relationship (p = 0.004). Air temperature and humidity supported the growth of DHF infector which caused the increasing of DHF patients year by year. Last, the WFR did not relate to DHF cases significantly.
Keywords: DHF cases, epidemiology characteristics, spatial distribution, GIS, South Palu.
Spatial Analysis of Malaria Cases During 2006 – 2007 in Lahewa Sub District, Nias District, Province of North Sumatera
ABSTRACT
Everoni Mendrofa, Sugeng Juwono, Dulbahri
Background : Nias District, Province of North Sumatera is one of malaria endemic areas which is influenced by the climate, heavy rainfall, mountainous topography, low socio economic status and education, most of the origin people work as farmers. Number of malaria cases in Lahewa Sub District were 1.432 clinical malaria cases (59,70%), 347 positive malaria cases (14,47%) in 2005, then they were 1.382 clinical malaria cases (44,13%) and 343 positive malaria cases (11,47%) in 2006. Therefore, it needed a geographical mapping for malaria cases in Lahewa Sub District.
Objective : This study aimed to map the spatial distribution of malaria cases and environment factors in Lahewa Sub District, Nias District in the year of 2007.
Method : This was a cross sectional study with analytical descriptive survey. Sample in this study were 84 patients with malaria symptoms, who lived in Lahewa, and had visited to the clinics during August 2007. Patients’ addresses were identified to determine coordinate points by using the Global Positioning System (GPS). The data were analyzed by using bivariate analysis with Chi Square test and spatial analysis with Sat Scan, Geode and Epi Info.
Results: This study resulted malaria cases associated with the use of mix garden (p = 0,0059) and humidity (p = 0,0309). However, malaria cases were not related to distance to health facilities (p = 0,084), the use of land as rice fields (p = 0,1405), the use of swamp area (p = 0,5442), the use of land as ponds (p = 0,6647), residential area (p = 0,0511), quantity of rainfall (p = 0,2379), and air temperatures ( p = 0,4513).
Conclusion: Malaria cases in Lahewa were not influenced by distance to health facilities and the use of land rice fields, ponds, residential area and swamp area, also the quantity of rainfall and air temperature. They were influenced significantly by the use of land as mix garden and humidity.
Keywords : GIS, spatial distribution, mapping, malaria cases.
Spatial Distribution of Malnutrition and Severe Malnutrition in Under Five Years Old Children at Mapat Tunggul Sub District, Pasaman District in 2007
ABSTRACT
Yose Rizal, Hari Kusnanto, Lutfan Lazuardi
Background: The prevalence of malnutrition and severe malnutrition in the district of Pasaman was reached up to 17,6% in 2006. The highest prevalence of malnutrition and severe malnutrition was found in Mapat Tunggul subdistrict that was 27,4%. This rate was higher than 15,6% in West Sumatera and national rate of 8,5%. To solve this problem, it must be identified family characteristics factors and spatial distribution of residential area of family who suffered malnutrition and severe malnutrition.
Objective: This research was aimed to identify risk factors of malnutrition and severe malnutrition patients. By using spatial distribution, it would be identified clusters of malnutrition risk related to area topography and productivity of farming land.
Method: This was a cross sectional survey that was implemented in sub district of Mapat Tunggul with sample of under five years old children who were malnutrition and severe malnutrition. Independent variables were education of parent, parent’s occupation, parent’s income, number of family, and distance between home and health facilities. The location of subject’s residence was determined with GPS (Global Positioning System).
Result: The most cases of malnutrition and severe malnutrition were found in the area with limited farming land, access to health facilities was more than 9 km as far as to the central of district area. According to the collected data, 81,4% of farming land were minimal utilization, 79,4% of the residence were far from health facilities, 71,6% of parent’s education were only primary school, 80,4% of parent were farmers, and 94,6% of parent’s income were less than Rp 1 million. The result of chi square test showed that there were correlations between the utilization of farming land, the distance of health facilities and parent’s occupations with malnutrition and severe malnutrition in the subdistrict of Mapat Tunggul in 2007. In addition, parent’s income were not correlated with malnutrition and severe malnutrition.
Conclusion: The pattern of malnutrition and severe malnutrition cases was in the area with limited farming land and limited access to health facilities. Moreover, faming land, distance to health facilities, parent’s education, and parent’s occupation were related to malnutrition and severe malnutrition in the sub district of Mapat Tunggul in the year of 2007, meanwhile, parent’s income did not have relationship with malnutrition and severe malnutrition.
Keywords: Spatial distribution, malnutrition, severe malnutrition, Pasaman